曲速航行的速率通常以曲速层级(warp factor)代之。一般认为曲速1级是真空光速(c);更高的层级下,速率呈指数增加。原始影集的数个剧集曾设定了企业号冒着危险以高曲速层级航行,一度高到曲速14.6级("That Which Survives")。然而,任一曲速层级的实际速度从未在萤幕上显明地被陈述,以作为经典纪录。更甚者,各影集中航行时间与星际距离在陈述上,从未严格地保持一贯性(甚至是相当鬆散的)。
在了解这是个问题,也想 wanting to remove this plot element, 《下一代》的创造者决定曲速10级应作为最大值。后台的星际奇旅术语建议将曲速尺标重新调整,将旧曲速6级变为新曲速5级,而曲速10级为无限大速度而无法达到。製作人指示船只可以任意接近曲速10级,但就是无法到达刚好曲速10级。如此则贵族与旅人等生命体则能以相当快的速度航行,又可以迴避限制。举例而言,据估计,旅人将企业号推进到曲速9.999996级的速度。而第四代影集《航海家号》中的剧集"Threshold"附议了这项设定,其中角色提到曲速10级的速度是不可能达到的,因为那是无限大的速度——但不管如何,随后他们却达到了,伴随了快速地(反向)演化成两栖类的蝾螈的副作用。(虽然许多影迷、製作人员,甚至是该集的编剧与製作人Brannon Braga普遍忽略该集的事件。)
企业号E正在曲速航行原始影集《星际迷航》中,根据金·罗丹贝利(Gene Roddenberry)与他的剧集编剧指引,曲速速率(s)与曲速层级(w)的三次方呈倍数关係:无法解析 (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): s(w) = w^3c 。(另有未经证实的说法指出罗丹贝利原本是要将曲速层级的数字简单地对应到光速的倍数,例如曲速9级表示9倍光速(c),而一群早期的影迷在一间旅馆围住他,告诉他这种设定是无法运作的。)
按照这样原则,可以将星际争霸战中不同曲速层级(Warp Factor)所对应的速率列表如下:
曲速层级
几倍光速(c)
大约速度(千米/秒)
曲速1级
1
3.0x10^5
曲速1.5级
3.375
1.0x10^6
曲速2级
8
2.4x10^6
曲速3级
27
8.0x10^6
曲速4级
64
1.9x10^7
曲速5级
125
3.7x10^7
曲速6级
216
6.5x10^7
曲速7级
343
1.0x10^8
曲速8级
512
1.5x10^8
曲速9级
729
2.2x10^8
曲速9.25级
~791
2.4x10^8
曲速9.5级
~857
2.6x10^8
曲速9.75级
~926
2.8x10^8
曲速10级
1,000
3.0x10^8
曲速11级
1,331
4.0x10^8
曲速14.6级
~3,112
9.3x10^8
曲速15级
3,375
1.0x10^9
然而这样设定仍然无法完整解释整个影集所出现的场合,因为如此企业号航行速度变得过慢,和电视影集中所提的有时相牴触,例如That Which Survives这集中,企业号以曲速8.4级航行了11.33小时,而横越了990.7光年(此段文句为史巴克的台词)。这样计算出来的速率超过600,000倍光速;即使是曲速15级,这样也还超过两个数量级。
There is also the fact that the Enterprise could quite easily travel to and from the edge of the galaxy at will (Is There in Truth No Beauty and By Any Other Name), a journey which should take years at the typical warp 8, if warp 8 is merely a cube of the warp factor.
This discrepancy between the behavior of warp speeds in the show and the simple formula of the warp factor cubed was picked up by fans in the 1970's and 80's who published books like Star Trek Maps (all published material is considered non-canon, even if it is by Paramount-approved Pocket Books) where the idea of an additional factor, referred to as the Chi factor or the Cochrane factor, was used in the warp calculations. The idea was that since warp drive pulls in space, you get higher speeds in areas where there is high density of mass, and lower speeds in areas of low density. If we take a warp factor and cube it, we take that product and multiply it by the number 1292.7238 (the Chi or Cochrane factor), to get the actual speed that the ship travels at (this is the number that was factored out of the factoids from That Which Survives). The Cochrane factor represents an "average" density of space in the UFP. Other areas of space will have different values for it. This is one way to explain the relationship between stated warp factors and actual calculable speeds as given in the dialogue in the episodes. Although it is not actually canon, it at least explains how the ships behaved as they did, without having to find higher exponents to factor the warp base numbers by, as 星际奇旅艺术指导麦可·奥田(Michael Okuda)did later for TNG (which nobody on the show ended up paying attention to anyway).
新式曲速层级对应的速度表与消耗功率。白色是新式速度;铬黄色是消耗功率;图中另标有旧式曲速层级对应的速度表,以蓝绿色呈现。在后起的几部影集,奥田以旧制为基础设定了一项公式,但做出了几个重要的改变。For warp 1–9, 若w是曲速层级,s是以公里每秒计量的速率,而c表示光速,则无法解析 (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): s(w) = w^{10 \over 3}c . 在曲速9级到曲速10级间的半开放区间,w的指数项快速地增加到无限大。如此,在奥田式尺度中,曲速以渐进线方式趋向曲速10级。这段区间并没有精确公式,因为在这一段所摘录到的速率是根据手绘曲线。然而在1995年,寇克瑞恩曲速力学进展奖(Cochrane Award for Advancements in Warp Mechanics)颁给了一位胜出者,其所提的曲速公式为[1]:
其中
利用数学软体所产生来的曲线竟然和原始手绘曲线极度相符。
下方为新式曲速层级(warp factor)和它们以公里每秒为计的大约值,以及几倍光速(c):
曲速层级
几倍光速(c)
大约速度(千米/秒)
曲速1级
1
3.0x10^5
曲速2级
10.079
3.0x10^6
曲速3级
38.941
1.2x10^7
曲速4级
101.59
3.0x10^7
曲速5级
213.75
6.4x10^7
曲速6级
392.50
1.2x10^8
曲速7级
656.13
2.0x10^8
曲速8级
1,024
3.1x10^8
曲速9级
1,516.4
4.5x10^8
曲速9.2级
1,649
4.9x10^8
曲速9.6级
1,909
5.7x10^8
曲速9.9级
3,053
9.2x10^8
曲速9.9753级
6,000
1.8x10^9
曲速9.99级
7,912
2.3x10^9
曲速9.9999级
199,516
6.0x10^10
Here is a table of the times it would take to cover a number of distances. Since warp 1 is c, the distances for warp 1 (in years) is the light year distance. Earth's solar system is approximately 1.2x1010 km wide, measured as the diameter of the Oort Cloud.
In general, the farther away a Star Trek show is in production date from the publish date of the Star Trek Technical Manual, the more likely a ship would be to travel at the "speed of plot". For example, in the Star Trek: Enterprise pilot episode they give a time and speed to Neptune that accords with the original series' formula, but then they estimate a trip to the Klingon Homeworld at warp 5 as a four-day journey, placing it just one light-year away from Earth—far closer than the nearest stellar system, Alpha Centauri. This plot hole has later been wrapped up by various sources that suggest that there is a spatial rift that allowed the Enterprise to arrive at the Klingon homeworld in such a short length of time, and that it was the Vulcans who provided Enterprise with the whereabouts of this shortcut. It should be noted, however that such a high speed for warp 5 is consistent with the extremely high speed given for warp 8.4 in That Which Survives, which has the speed at over 600,000 times lightspeed (therefore warp 5 would be 161,500 times lightspeed). In those terms, four days travel at warp 5 places the Klingon homeworld at 1,772 light years (or 536 parsecs) away from Earth.
理论与科技
要对曲速推进系统有更深入的讨论,通常会参考由里克·史腾巴赫(Rick Sternbach)和麦可·奥田(Michael Okuda)所着的《下一代技术手册》(Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual)第五章「曲速推进系统」,其中提到几项主题:
在星际奇旅全部系列中,曲速航行的一项副作用是弹射效应(Slingshot effect)。在星际争霸战最初几个剧集中的"Tomorrow is Yesterday"这集内容中,企业号发生意外而首次发现这项效应,成了利用曲速引擎做时光旅行的方法。虽然实际程式的设定故意保留模糊化,但大体上它涉及了以高曲速向恆星航行(设定于第四部电影《抢救未来》,大概速度超过曲速9.8级),轨迹设定在精确计算的弹射路径。若成功,则旅行至过去或未来都是被允许的。相同的技术随后于剧集Assignment Earth中被故意使用,目的是进行历史研究;其中此技术被命名为「光速脱离级数」(light speed breakaway factor)。而在电影《抢救未来》中又被用上;其中此技术被称为「时间翘曲」(time warp)。这项技术在《下一代》剧集"Time Squared"中被提及是一种可行的时间旅行方法。
环境影响
在《下一代》第七季剧集"Force of Nature"中,曲速航行对子空间有不利影响,且在一些区域,频繁使用航线的路径上可能会造成子空间裂缝。因此在此之后的剧集,超过曲速5级的航行被禁止,然而在影迷社群中有过争论,讨论到这项禁令是只针对受影响区域而设,或者是全区的禁令。如果这是全区的限制,那在之后的剧集与系列影集则被广泛地忽略,也鲜少提及。然而,曾有这幺一例,在《下一代》一集中,皮卡德舰长下令以高于曲速5级的速度航行,而有人提醒他这项禁令。一些影迷臆测已有技术解决方案被发现,并可能用到了联邦星舰航海家号的曲速引擎上头。这点由星际奇旅官方网站的图文库所证实,其中解释了航海家号设计上可以高于曲速5级的速度航行而不会造成子空间破坏,比如空间裂缝。元首级星舰企业号-E也配有进阶曲速动力引擎,允许相当高的曲速航行而不破坏空间结构。
思想实验还在理论物理荒芜的前沿漫步前进,时至今日仍未有允许曲速航行且被主流科学接受的体系被拓展出来。一些物理学家提出一种超光速航行的模型,以洛侖兹流形的架构来陈述;这种架构在广义相对论中被用以建立时空模型。然而,相反于平常的误解,这些模型并非爱因斯坦场方程式的解。它们也没有给出如何实做曲速泡(warp bubble)的提示。These models do however show that while it is indeed impossible to go faster than the speed of light, in principle it might be possible to circumvent the problem by suitably "warping" spacetime itself. 其中最广为人知的是阿库别瑞引擎,具有有趣的特质——其用词上与星舰系列术语一致:「曲速层级」是空间(或者说时空更为恰当)翘曲的量度,而不是实际速度。